Long-term comparative effectiveness of antihypertensive monotherapies in primary prevention of cardiovascular events: a population-based retrospective inception cohort study in the Netherlands

Objective To determine the long-term effectiveness of antihypertensive monotherapies in primary prevention of cardiovascular events. Design Retrospective inception cohort study covering a 25-year study period. Setting University Groningen IADB.nl pharmacy prescription database with data from 1996 to 2020. Participants Patients aged 18 years or older, free of any cardiovascular disease (CVD) drug therapies prior to initiation of a preventive antihypertensive monotherapy (ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers (BBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and thiazides). Outcome measures Primary outcome was the time to first prescription of acute cardiac drug therapy (CDT) measured by valid drug proxies to identify a first major CVD event in patients without a history of CVD. Results Among 33 427 initiators, 5770 (17.3%) patients experienced an acute CDT. The average follow-up time was 7.8 +/- 5.4 years. The 25-year incidence rate per 1000 person-years were 28.4, 25.2, 20.1, 28.4 and 25.2 for ACEI, ARB, BB, CCB and thiazide starters, respectively. Inverse probability weighted Cox regression showed that thiazide starters had lower hazards than the reference BB starters (HR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.82 to 0.96). Among patients on diabetes drugs, risks were lower (HR: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.34 to 0.96). CCB starters had higher hazards than reference BB (HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.41). The overall estimated number needed to treat for thiazides compared with BBs to prevent one acute CDT in 25 years was 26, and five among patients on diabetes drugs. Conclusions After adjustments for confounders, patients starting on monotherapy with thiazides had a lower incidence of CDT compared with those starting on BBs, notably among patients on diabetes drugs. Conversely, patients who began CCB monotherapy had a higher incidence of CDT compared with those starting on BBs. Other monotherapies had comparable incidence of cardiovascular disease compared with BBs.