A matter of energy injustice? A comparative analysis of biogas development in Brazil and Italy

Energy transitions have significant implications for justice, as certain regions may experience losses or improvements as a result of decarbonization efforts. The biogas development in Brazil and Italy has been characterized by incidents of injustice in different dimensions and contexts. This article addresses this issue by applying a multi-scalar and multi-horizon structure model developed by Kanger and Sovacool (Kanger and Sovacool, 2022 [1]) to connect these incidents to energy transition dynamics, regarding biogas development, in both countries. Organized into dimensions and clusters, and at different spatial and temporal scales, the obtained data - derived by scientific literature review and analysis of news published by the media - were analyzed from an inventory that gathered 230 incidents of injustice for Brazil and 114 for Italy. Among the results obtained, some differences stand out. In Italy, biogas policies have mainly benefited large plants in the northern region of the country, leading to regional disparities, while in Brazil, the dependence on rainfall has prevented effective incentives for renewable sources, in addition to leading to increased energy costs and social problems. The research also reveals that the regional scale is more relevant for Italy, reflecting the country's political structure. Unlike the Italian reality, in Brazil, the regional spatial scale is neglected, with a greater presence of national scope initiatives. The movement to systematize the contextual factors of biogas injustices in Brazil and Italy can provide insights for policymakers and researchers interested in the dynamics of energy transition and the challenges associated with promoting renewable energies while addressing social and environmental issues.