Modeling and configuration optimization of the rooftop photovoltaic with electric-hydrogen-thermal hybrid storage system for zero-energy buildings: Consider a cumulative seasonal effect

Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems are represented as projected technology to achieve net-zero energy building (NEZB). In this research, a novel energy structure based on rooftop PV with electric-hydrogen-thermal hybrid energy storage is analyzed and optimized to provide electricity and heating load of residential buildings. First, the mathematical model, constraints, objective function, and evaluation indicators are given. Then, the simulation is conducted under the stand-alone condition. The annual return on investment and the levelized cost of energy of the system are 36.37% and 0.1016 $/kWh, respectively. Residential building with the proposed system decreases annual carbon emission by 25.5 t. In the third part, simulation analysis under different grid-connected modes shows that building system will obtain better economics when connected to the grid, but the low-carbon performance will be reduced. Finally, the cumulative seasonal impact of the countywide rooftop PV buildings is discussed. The result indicates that the energy structure proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the grid-connected impact on the local grid. This model and optimization method developed in this paper is applicable to different climate zones and can provide management support to the investors of NZEB before the field test.