Renewable deep eutectic solvents pretreatment improved the efficiency of anaerobic digestion by lignin extraction from willow

Lignin extraction from lignocellulosic biomass can enhance its bioconversion efficiency, whilst the recovered lignin can provide added economic value. This study comprehensively investigated the impacts of short-chain carboxylic acid-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) pretreatments on lignin extraction from willow and assessed subsequent biomethane production through anaerobic digestion. Process parameters (including the DESs type, molar ratios of DESs components, temperature and reaction time) in the DESs pretreatments of willow for lignin extraction were optimized using the central composite surface response methodology. Results showed that lactic acid-based DES pretreatment outperformed acetic acid and propionic acid-based DES pretreatments in terms of lignin removal efficiency and methane production. Under the optimal conditions (choline chloride:lactic acid with a molar ratio of 1:10 at 160 degrees C for 15 min) lactic acid-based DES pretreatment retained over 94% of the glucan content in the raw willow whilst achieved the highest lignin removal of 80%. The recovered lignin showed a purity of above 81%. Compared with the biomethane production of 89.9 mL/g total solid from raw willow, the biomethane production significantly increased by 36.3% after the lactic acid-based DES pretreat-ment. The optimal condition reduced the digestion time from 22 to 10 days. The overall energy conversion efficiency of 62.7% demonstrated that lactic acid-based DES pretreatment of lignocellulose could be a promising method to co-produce renewable gaseous fuels and lignin in a sustainable approach.