Assessment of Heat Risk of Winter Wheat Cropping Based on Long-Term Meteorological Data

The frequency of heat events is likely to increase due to global climate change, posing an increasing risk to wheat production. To optimize crop management strategies for coping with future climates, it is crucial to quantify the high-temperature occurrence during cropping seasons. Here, sixty-six years (1955 similar to 2020) of meteorological data during wheat reproductive growth were collected from six meteorological stations in the Huaibei Plain of Anhui Province. These data were analyzed to quantify the pattern and characteristics of post-anthesis heat stress for wheat crops. Five levels of annual mean daily maximum temperature (Tmax) were defined, from normal to extreme temperatures. Six crop developmental phases of winter wheat, i.e., phase i to phase vi, were divided from flowering to maturity. The data suggest an annual mean temperature of 17 similar to 24 degrees C from flowering to maturity, with an annual effective cumulative temperature ranging from 725 degrees C d to 956 degrees C d. The mean temperature and effective cumulative temperature increased as crop growth progressed, along with more frequent heat events during phase ii (8 similar to 14 days after anthesis) and phase iii (15 similar to 21 days after anthesis). We also found that the frequency of extremely high temperatures (>= 33 degrees C) from 1990 to 2020 was significantly greater than that from 1957 to 1990. Interestingly, it was found that the intensity of post-anthesis night temperatures also increased with crop growth, i.e., from phase i to phase vi. Wheat grain yield increased with increasing effective accumulative temperature and Tmax, but it started to decline when thresholds of effective accumulative temperature and Tmax were reached. Overall, these findings could provide guidelines for winter wheat cropping in the Huaibei Plain, China, or similar climate and cropping regions.