A Lagrangian free-stream boundary condition for weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics

This paper proposes the first Lagrangian free-stream boundary condition for weakly -compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (WCSPH), significantly decreasing the domain-size effect for simulating flows around static or moving geometries and increasing computational efficiency. The boundary condition is implemented based on several numerical techniques, as follows. First, a spatio-temporal identification and an ensuring technique precisely identify surface particles without misjudgment. Second, the far-field corrections of density and velocity precisely target surface particles. Third, the improved in-and outlet boundaries guarantee the smooth inflow profile and free-outflow particles without the issue of the truncated kernel. The test cases of flows over a flat plate and around a circular cylinder have validated the accuracy and computational efficiency of the present method. In order to demonstrate its applicability, the method has also been tested with more complex examples, such as a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem and a 3-D flow around a sphere. & COPY; 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.