Crow Search Algorithm-Optimized Cascade Controller in a Multi-Area Thermal Wind Integrated System and Its Real-Time Validation

This article explores the load frequency control (LFC) problem for manifold areas and sources under conventional situations. An attempt has been made to demonstrate the solicitation of a real-time simulation laboratory for the LFC studies of three thermal area systems. Thermal systems are integrated with renewable like wind systems in area-1, 2 respectively. A novel ancillary controller termed by cascade tilt integral-proportional integral derivative (TI-PID) is suggested and is augmented by crow search algorithm. The superiority of TI-PID controller is tested and found to be better with PID and tilt integral derivative (TID) controller. Moreover, the obtained responses with hybrid peak area-integral square error are compared with ISE, and it shows better responses over ISE. Further, the responses with alternating current-high-voltage direct- current system improve system dynamics over wind-thermal and thermal systems. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis suggests that the TID with filter controller considerations attained at nominal circumstances are vigorous.