Integrative echocardiographic assessment of post-operative obstruction severity and restenosis after balloon valvuloplasty in 81 dogs with pulmonary stenosis

Introduction/objectives: Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is a congenital defect in the dog that is managed with balloon valvuloplasty (BV). Obstruction severity is routinely assessed using transthoracic echocardiography. The objectives of this study were to describe the short-term changes and long-term restenosis by retrospectively evaluating flow-dependent and flow-independent echocardiographic variables for dogs with PS after BV. Animals,materials, and methods: Medical records and stored echocardiographic images were reviewed from dogs that received BV for PS. The following echocardiographic variables were measured or calculated: maximum systolic ejection velocity (VmaxPV) and velocity-derived maximal pressure gradient (PV maxPG) across the pulmonary valve; ratio of aortic to pulmonary velocity time integral (VTIAV/VTIPV); ratio of aortic to pulmonary maximal velocity.Results: Eighty-one dogs with PS that had a BV were included. Each of these dogs had pulmonary obstruction severity assessed in at least three timepoints. Fortynine dogs had at least one additional examination performed, the last of which occurred a median of 504 days after the BV. Echocardiographic variables at the first follow-up had increased by a clinically relevant quantity in 20-34% of the dogs when comparing to the immediate post-BV examination. The last follow-up examination identified valve restenosis in 18-38% of the dogs in this study. Valve type and pre-BV obstruction severity did not have a significant effect (P > 0.1).Conclusions: For the assessment of BV efficacy, the immediate post-BV echocardio-gram may not be as useful as the first follow-up examination several months later. Pulmonary restenosis after BV may be more prevalent than previously reported. 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.