Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults aging with vision impairment: The role of the neighborhood environment

Background: Vision impairment (VI) affects approximately 1 in 28 Americans over the age of 40 and the prevalence increases sharply with age. However, experiencing vision loss with aging can be very different from aging with VI acquired earlier in life. People aging with VI may be at increased risk for diabetes due to environmental barriers in accessing health care, healthy food, and recreational resources that can facilitate positive health behaviors.Objective: This study examined the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among a cohort of 22,719 adults aging with VI.Methods: Data are from Optum (R) Clinformatics (R) DataMart, a private administrative claims database (2008-2017). Individuals 18 years of age and older at the time of their initial VI diagnosis were eligible for analysis. VI was determined using vision impairment, low vision, and blindness codes (ICD-9-CM, ICD-10-CM). Covariates included age, sex, and comorbidities. Cox models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident T2DM. Stratified models examined differences in those aging with (age 18-64) and aging into (age 65+) vision impairment. Results: Residence in neighborhoods with greater intersection density (HR = 1.26) and high-speed roads (HR = 1.22) were associated with increased risk of T2DM among older adults with VI. Living in neigh-borhoods with broadband internet access (HR = 0.67), optical stores (HR = 0.62), supermarkets (HR = 0.78), and gyms/fitness centers (HR = 0.63) was associated with reduced risk of T2DM for both younger and older adults with VI.Conclusions: Findings emphasize the importance of neighborhood context for mitigating the adverse consequences of vision loss for health.(c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.