Numerous research papers on biosorption have been published in the past four decades. This paper reviews and compares heavy metal uptake capacities of various biological and non-biological materials. Adsorption mechanisms and processes of heavy metal ions (HMIs) onto biomasses are summarised and discussed, respectively. In general, all types of adsorbents exhibit certain uptake capacities for HMIs, but the capacity values for different types of biomasses and non-biological materials vary significantly. For HMIs, the reported values for bacterial biomasses typically range from 0.06 mmol center dot g(-1) to 2.84 mmol center dot g(-1); for fungi and yeasts, 0.03 mmol center dot g(-1) to 2.44 mmol center dot g(-1); for fresh water algae, 0.02 mmol center dot g(-1) to 3.15 mmol center dot g(-1); for marine algae, 0.23 mmol center dot g(-1) to 3.77 mmol center dot g(-1); for other biological materials/derivatives, 0.01 mmol center dot g(-1) to 1.78 mmol center dot g(-1) and for non-biological materials, 0.003 mmol center dot g(-1) to 2.40 mmol center dot g(-1). Thereinto, a few macroalgal species exhibit much higher adsorption capacities for HMIs relative to other types of adsorbents. Statistical analysis of heavy metal uptake capacities of various biological and non-biological materials indicates that marine algae are most suitable for the development of industrial biosorbents for the remediation of diluted HMIs-bearing effluents. Biosorption mechanisms of HMIs by biomasses include physical adsorption, ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, surface complexation and inorganic microprecipitation. the physicochemical properties of biosorbents and HMIs as well as external adsorption conditions significantly influence the adsorption process of HMIs onto biomasses. It could be concluded from numerous previous studies that pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models are the most commonly utilised to characterise adsorption process. Up to date biosorption of HMIs remains largely in the laboratory stage. Combining microscopic mechanisms with macroscopic models may be one of the future research directions for removal of HMIs by biomasses.
