Assessing farmers' maladaptation to climate change in a sub-Himalayan region of India

The importance of farmers' adaptation measures in addressing climate change has been widely acknowledged. Nevertheless, the assurance of their effectiveness in reducing vulnerability is not always certain, and there are instances where they may worsen the situation by promoting maladaptive outcomes. Despite its significant implications for sustainable development, empirical research has not thoroughly examined this issue. To bridge this knowledge gap, the present study undertook a comprehensive assessment of farmers' adaptation measures and the subsequent maladaptive outcomes in the Eastern-Himalayan foothills of West Bengal, India. The investigation encompassed household surveys, engaging with local stakeholders, and conducting an exhaustive review of relevant literature. This comprehensive approach led to the identification of various maladaptive outcomes, including the decline of groundwater levels, heightened emissions of greenhouse gases stemming from diesel-powered irrigation systems, the emergence of pest resistance, increased investment costs, financial losses, disruptions to social cohesion arising from alterations in cultural practices, among others. The study highlighted that climatic factors do not exclusively drive maladaptation; rather, they can be influenced by factors such as pre-existing vulnerabilities, disregard of socio-cultural norms, inadequate consideration of long-term implications, and the negligence of cost-effectiveness in adaptation endeavors. In light of these findings, the study argues for adopting more inclusive adaptation measures that yield multifaceted benefits conducive to achieving sustainability.