Concepts, models, and indicator systems for urban safety resilience: A literature review and an exploration in China

Safety resilient city is a frontier concept of urban safety development and a hot topic in the field of urban safety research. In this paper, the relevant research results of domestic and foreign scholars are reviewed from the perspectives of concepts and models, the evaluation indicator system of urban safety resilience is compared in terms of risk types, evaluation objects, evaluation dimensions and quantitative methods, and the development of international standards for resilient cities is discussed. Based on the literature review, the connotation of the triangular theoretical model of urban safety resilience is explained, and an urban safety resilience evaluation index system applicable to Chinese cities is proposed, which provides support for the development of the national standard "Guide for safety resilient city evaluation " (GB/T 40947-2021). It is applied to six representative cities as examples for evaluation to explore the direction of Chinese urban safety resilience improvement. The pathway for improving the safety resilience of Chinese cities is discussed.