Pressmud and Farmyard Manure Improve Growth and Yield of Wheat Irrigated with Textile Dye-Contaminated Wastewater through Increasing Nutrient Uptake and Dye Degradation

Textile dying produces a huge volume of colored effluent that is used to irrigate wheat at different times from sowing to maturity. The study investigated toxicity of Reactive RedS3B (RRedS3B) to wheat at different growth stages in pressmud and farmyard manure amended and un-amended soils. Pressmud and farmyard manure were applied at 0 and 20 Mg ha(-1), whereas RRedS3B was applied either at sowing (RRedS3B-I-0), 1(st) irrigation (RRedS3B-I-1) or 2(nd) irrigation (RRedS3B-I-2). Application of RRedS3B-I-0 and RRedS3B-I-1 decreased plant height by 33 and 5%, fertile tillers by 68 and 42%, straw biomass by 85 and 35%, and grain yield by 84 and 40%, respectively than tap-water on un-amended soil. However, RRedS3B-I-2 did not show toxicity to wheat. Amending soil with pressmud and farmyard manure enhanced growth and yield of wheat, however pressmud proved more effective in improving yield and decreasing dye concentration in soil. Pressmud lowered RRedS3B concentration by 73, 61 and 71%, while farmyard manure decreased it by 57, 29 and 61% in soils treated with RRedS3B-I-0, RRedS3B-I-1 and RRedS3B-I-2, respectively than control. Furthermore, farmyard manure and pressmud application increased soil available P by 2.26 and 7.17-fold, whereas K by 1.47 and 1.06-fold, respectively. Accordingly, application of farmyard manure and pressmud increased P and K uptake by grains whereas RedS3B-I-0 and RedS3B-I-1 had opposite effect. RRedS3B is more toxic to wheat during early growth period, and application of pressmud and farmyard manure is effective in improving wheat yield through enhanced dye degradation and increased nutrient uptake.