Study of Supercooling Phenomena in Soil-Water Systems Based on Nucleation Theory: Quantifying Supercooling Degree

Determining the minimum supercooling temperature (T-sc) of unsaturated saline soils is the key scientific problem in cold-region agricultural and engineering, and theoretical models with good predictability are urgently needed. This study establishes a framework for pore solution freezing nucleation in unsaturated saline soils, the chemical potential energy balance equation was established by determining phase transition driving force and potential energy barrier for the formation of stable crystal embryos. Finally, the physical model was constructed. By citing 46 sets of data from different researchers, the validity of the prediction results of this paper's model under different soil types and cooling rates is demonstrated, and the microscopic mechanism of supercooling occurring in the pore solution of positive permafrost is elucidated. The analysis found that electrolyte action restricts the free diffusion of molecules and promotes nucleation to occur, so that a maximum value of T-sc exists during the growth of salinity (in NaCl saline soils occurs at a solution concentration of 0.26 mol/L). Too fast cooling rate will lead to a lag in crystallization time and an increase in supercooling. The combined water content determines the T-sc when r(c) < 1 mu m (pore size), and the effect of changes in water content and cooling rate on supercooling is more significant in small pores; the electrolyte concentration determines the T-sc when r(c) > 1 mu m, T-sc-max from concentration changes will be more significant in large pores. This study can provide theoretical reserves for controlling the freezing process of soils, studying the mechanism of freezing-thawing hysteresis, and improving the related numerical calculation models.