The effect of age on longitudinal measures of beta cell function and insulin sensitivity during the progression of early stage type 1 diabetes

Aim/hypothesis The risk of progressing from autoantibody positivity to type 1 diabetes is inversely related to age. Separately, whether age influences patterns of C-peptide loss or changes in insulin sensitivity in autoantibody-positive individuals who progress to stage 3 type 1 diabetes is unclear.Methods Beta cell function and insulin sensitivity were determined by modelling of OGTTs performed in 658 autoantibody-positive participants followed longitudinally in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1). In this secondary analysis of DPT-1 data, time trajectories of beta cell function and insulin sensitivity were analysed in participants who progressed to type 1 diabetes (progressors) to address the impact of age on patterns of metabolic progression to diabetes.Results Among the entire DPT-1 cohort, the highest discriminant age for type 1 diabetes risk was 14 years, with participants aged < 14 years being twice as likely to progress to type 1 diabetes as those aged >= 14 years. At study entry, beta cell glucose sensitivity was impaired to a similar extent in progressors aged < 14 years and progressors aged >= 14 years. From study entry to stage 3 type 1 diabetes onset, beta cell glucose sensitivity and insulin sensitivity declined in both progressor groups. However, there were no significant differences in the yearly rate of decline in either glucose sensitivity (-13.7 [21.2] vs -11.9 [21.5] pmol min(-1) m(-2) [mmol/l](-1), median [IQR], p=0.52) or insulin sensitivity (-22 [37] vs -14 [40] ml min(-1) m(-2), median [IQR], p=0.07) between progressors aged < 14 years and progressors aged >= 14 years.Conclusions/interpretation Our data indicate that during progression to stage 3 type 1 diabetes, rates of change in declining glucose and insulin sensitivity are not significantly different between progressors aged < 14 years and progressors aged >= 14 years. These data suggest there is a predictable course of declining metabolic function during the progression to type 1 diabetes that is not influenced by age.