Emerging ultrasonic bioelectronics for personalized healthcare

Emerging ultrasonic bioelectronics (UBEs) with wearable, implantable or highly integrated forms enable continuous health monitoring and on-demand medical therapy at the point of care, far more superior than traditional ultrasonic medical procedures, and are serving as the technical basis for the state-of-art personalized medicine. However, with the rapid advances in medical ultrasonic technology, a comprehensive overview of these emerging UBEs from addressing engineering challenges in materials and device structures to targeted therapeutic cases is still lacking. Herein, we comprehensively review the recent progress in emerging UBEs, focusing on engineering methodologies and functional applications in personalized healthcare. First, the fundamentals of UBEs is briefed, followed by the latest advances in functional materials critical to the advent of emerging UBEs and the device structural designs for their wearable, implantable and multifunctional integrated applications. Next, exemplary cases of emerging UBEs in terms of their properties and diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic functional applications based on ultrasonography and ultrasonic wireless powering and communication are highlighted and systematically discussed. Finally, current challenges and opportunities in the field to further improve accuracy, specificity, and system-level integration for personalized healthcare are outlined in detail.