Preparation and characterization of astaxanthin-loaded biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) microbeads for personal care and cosmetic applications

Due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) has received attention as an alternative material for microbeads in personal care and cosmetic products (PCCPs). Here, PHB was produced from crude glycerol by an Escherichia coli JM109 strain harboring pUC19-23,119-phaCAB(A-04) without isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), an inducing agent. Astaxanthin-loaded PHB microbeads were prepared through emulsification-solvent evaporation. Studies were performed to determine how the concentration of PHB and stirring rate influence the size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and astaxanthin release profile. The astaxanthin-loaded PHB microbeads exhibited a rough surface, 98.1 +/- 0.7 % EE, spherical shape and 179 +/- 44 mu m size. In addition, <50 % astaxanthin release was observed within 240 min. Stability studies revealed that astaxanthin-loaded microbeads retained over 85.3 +/- 4.2 % of astaxanthin after 90 days at 4 degrees C and showed a 2-fold reduction in astaxanthin degradation compared to their unencapsulated counterparts; thus, astaxanthin-loaded microbeads show promise for PCCPs applications. A cytotoxicity assay revealed that astaxanthin-loaded PHB microbeads were nontoxic to the human epidermal keratinocyte cell line, PSVK1, and EpiSkin (R) cells. Skin irritation and sensitization were not observed during a human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT), according to clinical practice guidelines of the Japanese dermatological association.