Coordinated design of multi-stakeholder community energy systems and shared energy storage under uncertain supply and demand: A game theoretical approach

Shared energy storage plays an important role in achieving sustainable development of renewable-based com-munity energy systems. In practice, the independent or disordered planning of community energy systems and shared storage systems can lead to suboptimal design without considering the complex interactions between neighboring energy systems. Therefore, a coordinated design approach for community energy systems and shared energy storage is proposed, and a pricing mechanism for storage sharing based on bounded rationality theory is developed. A Stackelberg game is introduced to enable consideration of storage sharing among energy systems at the design phase. The uncertainties of solar irradiation, wind speed, and electrical demand on both the supply and demand sides are also considered. Then, an uncertainty model is formed to optimize the system configurations, operation strategies, and storage sharing strategies of each stakeholder, simultaneously. Furthermore, the influence of the profit margin, storage investment cost, and carbon tax on the storage rental price and system design strategies are discussed. Illustrative examples highlight the feasibility and applicability of the shared storage pricing mechanism and coordinated design approach. This paper provides references for the government with respect to the problem of coordinated design for multi-stakeholder distributed energy systems and storages in a market-oriented environment.