The integrating sphere system plus in-situ absorption monitoring: A new scheme to study absorption enhancement of black carbon in ambient aerosols

Black carbon (BC) is the strongest light-absorbing aerosol in the atmosphere. The coating process causes lensing effects to enhance the BC absorption. The reported BC absorption enhancement values (Eabs) significantly differ partly due to the measurement methods used. The biggest difficulty in measuring the Eabs values is how to denude the coated particles so that the true value of absorption without coatings can be distinguished from lensing effects. In this study, we proposed a new approach based on an integrating sphere (IS) system plus in-situ absorption monitoring instrument to study Eabs in ambient aerosols. This approach is capable of (i) "de-lensing through solvent dissolution and solvent derefraction", by which the absorption coefficient of denuded BC is acquired, and (ii) monitoring in-situ absorption with photoacoustic spectroscopy. With the help of the EC concentration measured by a thermal/optical carbon analyser, the Eabs values were calculated as the quotient of in-situ mass absorption efficiency divided by denude mass absorption efficiency. We applied this new approach to measure the Eabs values of four seasons in Beijing and found an annual mean of 1.90 & PLUSMN; 0.41 in 2019. More importantly, a previous assumption that BC absorption efficiency may be progressively enhanced by increased air pollution was validated and quantified using a logarithmic relationship of Eabs = 0.6 ln (PM2.5- 3.59)- 0.43 (R2 = 0.99). This signals a continued drop of Eabs for future ambient aerosols with the sustained improvement in local air quality in China, meriting serious attention to its influences in climate, air quality, and atmospheric chemistry.