Research Progress on Vanadium Sulfide Anode Materials for Sodium and Potassium-Ion Batteries

Considering environmental changes and the demand for more sustainable energy sources, stricter requirements have been placed on electrode materials for sodium and potassium-ion batteries, which are expected to provide higher energy and power density while being affordable and sustainable. Vanadium sulfide-based materials have emerged as intriguing contenders for the next generation of anode materials due to their high theoretical capacity, abundant reserves, and cost-effectiveness. Despite these advantages, challenges such as limited cycle life and restricted ion diffusion coefficients continue to impede their effective application in sodium and potassium-ion batteries. To overcome the limitations associated with electrochemical performance and circumvent bottlenecks imposed by the inherent properties of materials at the bulk scale, this review comprehensively summarizes and analyzes the crystal structures, modification strategies, and energy storage processes of vanadium sulfide-based electrode materials for sodium and potassium-ion batteries. The objective is to guide the development of high-performance vanadium-based sulfide electrode materials with refined morphologies and/or structures, employing environmentally friendly and cost-efficient methods. Finally, future perspectives and research suggestions for vanadium sulfide-based materials are presented to propel practical applications forward. Rationally designed on various phases VSx has come into the spotlight for SIBs and PIBs due to adjustable structure and fascinating electrochemical performances. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of thorough understanding of the synthesis and energy storage mechanisms of VSx. A comprehensive overview is presented that covers the mechanisms, design strategies, recent advances, and perspectives related to VSx storing Na/K-ions.image