Microphysical mechanisms of wintertime postfrontal precipitation enhancement over the Australian Snowy Mountains

A heavy orographic precipitation event associated with the postfrontal sector of a midlatitude cyclone over the Australian Snowy Mountains (ASM) was analyzed using field observations and numerical simulations. This event, observed during a 2018 intensive field campaign, was of particular interest as three distinct precipitation episodes were identified within a prolonged postfrontal period. Deep mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) characterized by cold cloud-top temperatures (colder than -30 degrees C) and the presence of updrafts extending 3.5-4.5 km above the boundary-layer height, produced the three enhanced precipitation events over the windward slopes of the ASM. The presence of conditional instabilities and deep updrafts were also found in the sounding and Doppler velocity observations respectively, while the cloud radar observations show the deep MPCs with cloud tops reaching to 6-7 km a.s.l. Orographic convection invigoration was found to be the main mechanism producing the precipitation enhancement over the windward slopes and higher terrain. Using the Weather Research/Forecasting model, we analyzed the rates of microphysical processes to explicitly account for the enhancement of precipitation formation processes in these MPCs. This analysis showed that the precipitation formation processes were further enhanced through depositional and riming growth of ice-phase hydrometeors during the three precipitation events. Deposition is simulated at higher levels (above the -15 degrees C level) and most likely enabled by deep convective updrafts through the midtroposphere, whereas riming is stronger at lower levels (below -10 degrees C level) due to the persistent production of feeder supercooled liquid water clouds sustained by the orographic lifting.