Ultrasound localization microscopy of the human kidney allograft on a clinical ultrasound scanner

Chronic kidney disease is a major medical problem, causing more than a million deaths each year worldwide. Peripheral kidney microvascular damage characterizes most chronic kidney diseases, yet noninvasive and quantitative diagnostic tools to measure this are lacking. Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) can assess tissue microvasculature with unprecedented resolution. Here, we optimized methods on 35 kidney transplants and studied the feasibility of ULM in seven human kidney allografts with a standard low frame rate ultrasound scanner to access microvascular damage. Interlobar, arcuate, cortical radial vessels, and part of the medullary organization were visible on ULM density maps. The medullary vasa recta can be seen but are not as clear as the cortical vessels. Acquisition parameters were derived from Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound examinations by increasing the duration of the recorded clip at the same plane. ULM images were compared with Color Doppler, Advanced Dynamic Flow, and Superb Microvascular Imaging with a contrast agent. Despite some additional limitations due to movement and saturation artifacts, ULM identified vessels two to four times thinner compared with Doppler modes. The mean ULM smallest analyzable vessel cross section was 0.3 +/- 0.2 mm in the seven patients. Additionally, ULM was able to provide quantitative information on blood velocities in the cortical area. Thus, this proof-of-concept study has shown ULM to be a promising imaging technique for qualitative and quantitative microvascular assessment. Imaging native kidneys in patients with kidney diseases will be needed to identify their ULM biomarkers.