Contemporaneous dependence between euro, crude oil, and gold returns and their respective implied volatility changes. Evidence from the local Gaussian correlation approach

PurposeThis study aims to assess the contemporaneous dependence between euro, crude oil and gold returns and their respective implied volatility changes. Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis relies on daily data for the period 2015-2022 and the local Gaussian correlation (LGC) approach that is suitable for estimating dependence between two stochastic processes at any point of their joint distribution. Findings(a) The global correlation coefficients are negative for the euro and crude oil and positive for gold, implying that in the first two markets' traders are more concerned with sudden price downswings while in the third with sudden upswings. (b) The detailed local analysis, however, shows that traders 2019 attitudes may change with the underlying state of the market and that risk reversals are more likely to occur at the upper extremes of the joint distributions. (c) The pattern of dependence between price returns and implied volatility changes is asymmetric. Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first work that uses the highly flexible LGC approach to analyze the link between price returns and implied volatility changes either in stock or in commodities futures markets. The empirical results provide useful insights into traders' risk attitudes in different market states.