Lead metal halide perovskite solar cells: Fabrication, advancement strategies, alternatives, and future perspectives

Even though the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have progressed very quickly with exceptional performance uptake from 3.8% to > 26%, poor stability and toxicity are the major challenges preventing its commercialization. To make its commercialization possible, numerous modifications and fabrications techniques were explored till date. However, all the advancements made are still not good enough to scale its production at industry level and commercial use. The current work addresses recent advancements in the large-scale production and fabrication of PSCs, the accompanying benefits and drawbacks, and techniques for increasing the effectiveness of large-area perovskite films for industrial use. The review highlights all the basics of PSCs, fabrication methods, drawbacks, strategies for improving PSC efficiency, alternative PSCs, and multidimensional application. Additionally, we effectively envisioned the future scopes and possibilities of commercial uptake. In order to encourage PSC industrialization in the long-term, we also sought to obtain insight into the functional stability of PSCs as well as useful knowledge on how to extend their functional lifespan through sensible device design and materials processing. Furthermore, this review offers a quick look at insights for upcoming research while protecting the environment, human health, and safety.