Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

被引:53
|
作者
Zsichla, Levente [1 ,2 ]
Mueller, Viktor [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Biol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
[2] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Natl Lab Hlth Secur, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
来源
VIRUSES-BASEL | 2023年 / 15卷 / 01期
关键词
COVID-19; disease severity; risk factors; age; sex; comorbidities; coinfections; host genetics; viral variants; socioeconomic status; CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019; FATTY LIVER-DISEASE; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS; AIR-POLLUTION EXPOSURE; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; HUMAN RHINOVIRUS INFECTION; CROSS-REACTIVE ANTIBODIES;
D O I
10.3390/v15010175
中图分类号
Q93 [微生物学];
学科分类号
071005 ; 100705 ;
摘要
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
引用
收藏
页数:79
相关论文
共 50 条
  • [1] Host Genetic Factors, Comorbidities and the Risk of Severe COVID-19
    Zhu, Dongliang
    Zhao, Renjia
    Yuan, Huangbo
    Xie, Yijing
    Jiang, Yanfeng
    Xu, Kelin
    Zhang, Tiejun
    Chen, Xingdong
    Suo, Chen
    JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH, 2023, 13 (02) : 279 - 291
  • [2] Host Genetic Factors, Comorbidities and the Risk of Severe COVID-19
    Dongliang Zhu
    Renjia Zhao
    Huangbo Yuan
    Yijing Xie
    Yanfeng Jiang
    Kelin Xu
    Tiejun Zhang
    Xingdong Chen
    Chen Suo
    Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 2023, 13 (2) : 279 - 291
  • [3] Risk factors for severe COVID-19
    Gupta, Harish
    JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE AND PRIMARY CARE, 2023, 12 (09) : 2194 - 2195
  • [4] Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children
    Graff, Kelly
    Smith, Christiana
    Silveira, Lori
    Jung, Sarah
    Curran-Hays, Shane
    Jarjour, Jane
    Carpenter, Lauren
    Pickard, Kasey
    Mattiucci, Michael
    Fresia, JoEllen
    McFarland, Elizabeth J.
    Dominguez, Samuel R.
    Abuogi, Lisa
    PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL, 2021, 40 (04) : E137 - E145
  • [5] Genetic risk factors for severe COVID-19
    Bottcher, S.
    ONCOLOGY RESEARCH AND TREATMENT, 2020, 43 (SUPPL 4) : 31 - 31
  • [6] Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children
    Woodruff, Rebecca C.
    Campbell, Angela P.
    Taylor, Christopher A.
    Chai, Shua J.
    Kawasaki, Breanna
    Meek, James
    Anderson, Evan J.
    Weigel, Andy
    Monroe, Maya L.
    Reeg, Libby
    Bye, Erica
    Sosin, Daniel M.
    Muse, Alison
    Bennett, Nancy M.
    Billing, Laurie M.
    Sutton, Melissa
    Talbot, H. Keipp
    McCaffrey, Keegan
    Pham, Huong
    Patel, Kadam
    Whitaker, Michael
    McMorrow, Meredith L.
    Havers, Fiona P.
    PEDIATRICS, 2022, 149 (01)
  • [7] Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review
    Gao, Ya-dong
    Ding, Mei
    Dong, Xiang
    Zhang, Jin-jin
    Azkur, Ahmet Kursat
    Azkur, Dilek
    Gan, Hui
    Sun, Yuan-li
    Fu, Wei
    Li, Wei
    Liang, Hui-ling
    Cao, Yi-yuan
    Yan, Qi
    Cao, Can
    Gao, Hong-yu
    Bruggen, Marie-Charlotte
    van de Veen, Willem
    Sokolowska, Milena
    Akdis, Mubeccel
    Akdis, Cezmi A.
    ALLERGY, 2021, 76 (02) : 428 - 455
  • [8] Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19
    Xiaonan Zhang
    Yun Tan
    Yun Ling
    Gang Lu
    Feng Liu
    Zhigang Yi
    Xiaofang Jia
    Min Wu
    Bisheng Shi
    Shuibao Xu
    Jun Chen
    Wei Wang
    Bing Chen
    Lu Jiang
    Shuting Yu
    Jing Lu
    Jinzeng Wang
    Mingzhu Xu
    Zhenghong Yuan
    Qin Zhang
    Xinxin Zhang
    Guoping Zhao
    Shengyue Wang
    Saijuan Chen
    Hongzhou Lu
    Nature, 2020, 583 : 437 - 440
  • [9] Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19
    Zhang, Xiaonan
    Tan, Yun
    Ling, Yun
    Lu, Gang
    Liu, Feng
    Yi, Zhigang
    Jia, Xiaofang
    Wu, Min
    Shi, Bisheng
    Xu, Shuibao
    Chen, Jun
    Wang, Wei
    Chen, Bing
    Jiang, Lu
    Yu, Shuting
    Lu, Jing
    Wang, Jinzeng
    Xu, Mingzhu
    Yuan, Zhenghong
    Zhang, Qin
    Zhang, Xinxin
    Zhao, Guoping
    Wang, Shengyue
    Chen, Saijuan
    Lu, Hongzhou
    NATURE, 2020, 583 (7816) : 437 - +
  • [10] Hallmarks of Severe COVID-19 Pathogenesis: A Pas de Deux Between Viral and Host Factors
    Rovito, Roberta
    Augello, Matteo
    Ben-Haim, Assaf
    Bono, Valeria
    Monforte, Antonella d'Arminio
    Marchetti, Giulia
    FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY, 2022, 13