Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

被引：57

作者：

Zsichla, Levente ^{[1
,2
]}

Mueller, Viktor ^{[1
,2
]}

机构：

[1] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Biol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

[2] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Natl Lab Hlth Secur, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

来源：

VIRUSES-BASEL | 2023年 / 15卷 / 01期

关键词：

COVID-19; disease severity; risk factors; age; sex; comorbidities; coinfections; host genetics; viral variants; socioeconomic status; CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019; FATTY LIVER-DISEASE; OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS; AIR-POLLUTION EXPOSURE; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; HUMAN RHINOVIRUS INFECTION; CROSS-REACTIVE ANTIBODIES;

D O I：

10.3390/v15010175

中图分类号：

Q93 [微生物学];

学科分类号：

071005 ; 100705 ;

摘要：

The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.

引用

页数：79

共 1118 条

[1] HLA-B*15 predicts survival in Egyptian patients with COVID-19 [J].

Abdelhafiz, Ahmed Samir ;

Ali, Asmaa ;

Fouda, Merhan A. ;

Sayed, Douaa M. ;

Kamel, Mahmoud M. ;

Kamal, Lamyaa Mohamed ;

Khalil, Mahmoud Ali ;

Bakry, Rania M. .

HUMAN IMMUNOLOGY, 2022, 83 (01) :10-16

[2] Dysregulation of type I interferon responses in COVID-19 [J].

Acharya, Dhiraj ;

Liu, GuanQun ;

Gack, Michaela U. .

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY, 2020, 20 (07) :397-398

[3] Increased lethality in influenza and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection is prevented by influenza immunity but not SARS-CoV-2 immunity [J].

Achdout, Hagit ;

Vitner, Einat. B. ;

Politi, Boaz ;

Melamed, Sharon ;

Yahalom-Ronen, Yfat ;

Tamir, Hadas ;

Erez, Noam ;

Avraham, Roy ;

Weiss, Shay ;

Cherry, Lilach ;

Bar-Haim, Erez ;

Makdasi, Efi ;

Gur, David ;

Aftalion, Moshe ;

Chitlaru, Theodor ;

Vagima, Yaron ;

Paran, Nir ;

Israely, Tomer .

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 2021, 12 (01)

[4] Survival and outcomes for co-infection of chronic hepatitis C with and without cirrhosis and COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective study [J].

Afify, Shimaa ;

Eysa, Basem ;

Hamid, Fatma Abdel ;

Abo-Elazm, Omnia M. ;

Edris, Mohamed A. ;

Maher, Rabab ;

Abdelhalim, Ahmed ;

Ghaffar, Muhammad Mostafa Abdel ;

Omran, Dalia A. ;

Shousha, Hend Ibrahim .

WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY, 2021, 27 (42) :7362-7375

[5] COPD in the general population: Prevalence, incidence and survival [J].

Afonso, Ana S. M. ;

Verhamme, Katia M. C. ;

Sturkenboom, Miriam C. J. M. ;

Brusselle, Guy G. O. .

RESPIRATORY MEDICINE, 2011, 105 (12) :1872-1884

[6] Update on the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [J].

Agusti, Alvar ;

Hogg, James C. .

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 2019, 381 (13) :1248-1256

[7] The swedish covid-19 intensive care cohort: Risk factors of ICU admission and ICU mortality [J].

Ahlstrom, Bjorn ;

Frithiof, Robert ;

Hultstrom, Michael ;

Larsson, Ing-Marie ;

Strandberg, Gunnar ;

Lipcsey, Miklos .

ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, 2021, 65 (04) :525-533

[8] Relationship Between COVID-19 Infection and Liver Injury: A Review of Recent Data [J].

Ali, Nurshad .

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE, 2020, 7

[9] SARS-CoV-2 positivity in offspring and timing of mother-to-child transmission: living systematic review and meta-analysis [J].

Allotey, John ;

Chatterjee, Shaunak ;

Kew, Tania ;

Gaetano, Andrea ;

Stallings, Elena ;

Fernandez-Garcia, Silvia ;

Yap, Magnus ;

Sheikh, Jameela ;

Lawson, Heidi ;

Coomar, Dyuti ;

Dixit, Anushka ;

Zhou, Dengyi ;

Balaji, Rishab ;

Littmoden, Megan ;

King, Yasmin ;

Debenham, Luke ;

Llavall, Anna Clave ;

Ansari, Kehkashan ;

Sandhu, Gurimaan ;

Banjoko, Adeolu ;

Walker, Kate ;

O'Donoghue, Keelin ;

van Wely, Madelon ;

van Leeuwen, Elizabeth ;

Kostova, Elena ;

Kunst, Heinke ;

Khalil, Asma ;

Brizuela, Vanessa ;

Broutet, Nathalie ;

Kara, Edna ;

Kim, Caron Rahn ;

Thorson, Anna ;

Oladapo, Olufemi T. ;

Zamora, Javier ;

Bonet, Mercedes ;

Mofenson, Lynne ;

Thangaratinam, Shakila .

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 2022, 376

[10] Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis [J].