Condensed but liquid-like domain organization of active chromatin regions in living human cells

In eukaryotes, higher-order chromatin organization is spatiotemporally regulated as domains, for various cel-lular functions. However, their physical nature in living cells remains unclear (e.g., condensed domains or ex-tended fiber loops; liquid-like or solid-like). Using novel approaches combining genomics, single-nucleosome imaging, and computational modeling, we investigated the physical organization and behavior of early DNA replicated regions in human cells, which correspond to Hi-C contact domains with active chromatin marks. Motion correlation analysis of two neighbor nucleosomes shows that nucleosomes form physically condensed domains with-150-nm diameters, even in active chromatin regions. The mean-square displacement analysis between two neighbor nucleosomes demonstrates that nucleosomes behave like a liquid in the condensed domain on the-150 nm/-0.5 s spatiotemporal scale, which facilitates chromatin accessibility. Beyond the mi-crometers/minutes scale, chromatin seems solid-like, which may contribute to maintaining genome integrity. Our study reveals the viscoelastic principle of the chromatin polymer; chromatin is locally dynamic and reactive but globally stable.