Antifungal activity of essential oils and their combinations against storage fungi

We aimed to evaluate the fungicidal activity of essential oils (EOs) from Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae), Baccharis uncinella (Asteraceae), Mentha arvensis (Lamiaceae), Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae), Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae), and Cymbopogon nardus (Poaceae) in the in vitro control of mycotoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nomius, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium graminearum. EOs' chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and a total of 19, 21, 18, 20, 17, and 15 compounds were identified in B. dracunculifolia, B. uncinella, S. officinalis, M. arvensis, M. alternifolia, and C. nardus EOs, respectively. Contact and volatilization bioassays were performed, for which M. alternifolia and C. nardus EOs had the greatest fungicidal effect (> 90%). Therefore, these EOs were evaluated for minimum inhibitory concentration, medium inhibitory concentration, and sporulation. Effects from the combined use of EOs were also evaluated. EOs interacted in combination, displaying an additive effect against F. graminearum and A. flavus and an antagonistic effect against the remaining isolates. We conclude that C. nardus EO was effective in the control of storage pathogens and that combined EOs can improve their antifungal effects.