Nano-based apigenin delivery systems for cancer applications

Apigenin (APG) has been considered in the treatment of various types of cancer due to its capacity to modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, invasion, metastasis and autophagy by regulating different cell signaling pathways. Moreover, this molecule exhibits high selectivity to cancer cells compared to healthy cells, a key aspect in relation to other anticancer therapies. On the other hand, APG is characterized by low aqueous solubility, slow oral absorption, high metabolization and association rate with plasma proteins. As a consequence, low plasma concentrations are often found after oral administration. Nanotechnology emerges as an alternative to overcome pharmacokinetic or physicochemical limitations, providing a targeted and controlled drug delivery, increased oral bioavailability and aqueous solubility as well as improved side effect profile. In this review, studies addressing the anticancer properties of APG nanoparticles were analyzed in detail. The synergism of action between drugs already used clinically and APG nanoparticles allow to reduce the dose of the drug administrated, which would minimize adverse effects. In vivo studies, in turn, showed its potential in reducing tumor volume, encouraging trials with humans.