Enhancing the Treating Efficacy of Immunotherapy through the Restructure of Tumor Microenvironment

The therapeutic modes of cancers have been profoundly renovated by immunotherapies, which have shown extraordinary treating efficacy in certain tumor entities. However, the majority of cancer patients have not profited from it because of the negative effects of tumor microenvironment (TME) on human innate and/or adaptive immunity, including hypoxia, acidification, irregular vasculature, and a plethora of immunosuppressive cells and small molecules, which contribute to tumor progression, migration, resistance to drug, and so forth. Accordingly, it is feasible to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies and increase the patients' survival through the restructure of TME. Herein, the mechanisms and reverberations of aforementioned immunosuppressive elements are concentrated on, and latest therapeutic achievements and combined technologies that have been demonstrated effective in boosting immunotherapies by TME modulation are enumerated. Immunotherapy, known as the "fourth pillar" in oncological treatment, is plagued with low response rate in clinical trials. In this review, the latest advancements of nano-based strategies that enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies through the modulation of tumor microenvironment, which includes vasculature, hypoxia, acidosis, and so forth, together with thoughts of the perspectives and challenges in being, are summarized.image (c) 2023 WILEY-VCH GmbH