Outcomes at 7 Years of Age of Former Very Preterm Neonates with Repeated Surfactant Treatment for Prolonged Respiratory Distress in the Neonatal Period

This study aimed at evaluating the 7-year outcomes of 118 very preterm newborns (VPNs, gestational age = 26 +/- 1.4 w) involved in a randomized controlled trial. They presented neonatal respiratory distress (RDS), requiring ventilation for 14 +/- 2 days post-natal age (PNA). A repeated instillation of 200 mg/kg poractant alfa (SURF) did not improve early bronchopulmonary dysplasia, but the SURF infants needed less re-hospitalization than the controls for respiratory problems at 1- and 2-year PNA. There was no growth difference at 7.1 +/- 0.3 years between 41 SURF infants and 36 controls (80% of the eligible children), and 7.9% SURF infants vs. 28.6% controls presented asthma (p = 0.021). The children underwent cognitive assessment (WISC IV) and pulmonary function testing (PFT), measuring their spirometry, lung volume, and airway resistance. The spirometry measures showed differences (p < 0.05) between the SURF infants and the controls (mean +/- standard deviation (median z-score)) for FEV1 (L/s) (1.188 +/- 0.690(-0.803) vs. 1.080 +/- 0.243 (-1.446)); FEV1 after betamimetics (1.244 +/- 0.183(-0.525) vs. 1.091 +/- 0.20(-1.342)); FVC (L) (1.402 +/- 0.217 (-0.406) vs. 1.265 +/- 0.267 (-1.141)), and FVC after betamimetics (1.452 +/- 0.237 (-0.241) vs. 1.279 +/- 0.264 (-1.020)). PFT showed no differences in the volumes or airway resistance. The global IQ median (interquartile range) was 89 (82:99) vs. 89 (76:98), with 61% of the children >85 in both groups. Repeated surfactant treatment in VPNs presenting severe RDS led to the attenuation of early lung injuries, with an impact on long-term pulmonary sequelae, without differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes.