Spatio-temporal analysis of geomorphic recovery along an altered ephemeral stream using automated image processing

Ephemeral rivers in the Mediterranean region have been exposed to significant human disturbance over the last century. Recently, there has been a growing interest in restoring their morpho-sedimentary condition, backed by the European Water Framework Directive. Previous research has highlighted the severe geomorphic impacts of sediment extraction, such as reduced channel width and riverbed incision, but the recovery of these channels during annual flows remains poorly understood. This study presents a methodological framework to investigate geomorphologic recovery (signs of landform change) and constraints in the Rambla de Cervera (eastern Spain) from 2018 to 2021. Aerial imagery, LiDAR topography, and field surveys were used for stream segmentation, fluvial landform classification, temporal landform change, and comparison with flow characteristics from a 2D hydraulic model. The study identified three groups of segments with different channel types and recovery mechanisms. Upstream (G1), unconfined valley settings showed minor changes, indicating morphological stability. Middle segments in confined valleys (G2) showed greater alluvial channel recovery and vegetation encroachment in response to flood/no-flood periods. Downstream segments (G3), incised on cemented gravel, were highly responsive to floods but lacked landform stability due to high energy conditions. The findings suggest that channel recovery during annual floods is slow and occurs mainly downstream in degraded areas (G3). Increased sediment flux from upstream and additional sediment storage in new forms are required to recover these channels. This analysis underscores the challenge of interpreting short-term morpho-dynamic changes for long-term river recovery, but provides insight into the morpho-sedimentary conditions required to accelerate recovery of ephemeral streams.