Toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on hemato-biochemical profile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered a major risk for aquatic ecosystemss, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are among generally utilized NPs in the modern era. Aquatic life cannot escalate away from the negative effects of NPs. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of ZnO-NPs on the the hematobiochemical profile of Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio). 150C. carpio fish were tested; they had average weights of 108 g, lengths of 21.65 cm, and acclimated to typical living conditions while maintaining pH, temperature, and fresh aerations. Fish were given intraperitoneal injections (2-3 cm) deep into the abdominal cavity and were exposed to ZnO-NPs through aquatic means. Fish were exposed to biosynthesized ZnO-NPs via intraperitoneal injection at T4, 10, 15, and 20 ml/g body weight of fish and aquatic mode of exposure at T0, 0.00, T1, 1.00, T2, 2.00, and T3, 3.00 mg/L to each aquarium, respectively. The findings of the investigation demonstrated that exposure to ZnO NPs caused considerable modifications in the hematological and biochemical parameters of the fish. The hematological examination revealed significant changes in the RBC count, Hb, and Hct levels, which indicated the possibility of detrimental impacts on the fish's ability to transport oxygen. The biochemical study revealed significant shifts in the levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose, which pointed to the possibility of harm to the fish's liver and kidney functions. According to the findings of the study, exposure to ZnO nanoparticles can induce considerable variations in the hemato-biochemical profile of common carp, which indicates that there may be possible dangers to their general health and survival. The findings of this study underline the need of regulating the usage of these nanoparticles as well as their disposal in order to reduce the possible impact that they could have on aquatic ecosystems and on public health. The findings also highlight the need for more research to properly understand the effects of ZnO NPs on the health of fish and the ecosystem over the long term. In conclusion, the research makes a contribution to our understanding of the possible concerns connected with the use of ZnO NPs in a variety of industries and provides vital insights into the toxicological effects that these nanoparticles have on aquatic creatures. The findings could potentially be used to influence regulatory decisions on the use and disposal of ZnO NPs, with the objective of limiting the potential dangers that these particles pose to the environment and to public health.& COPY; 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).