Identification and Analysis of SOD Family Genes in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Their Potential Roles in Stress Responses

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are crucial in safeguarding plants against reactive oxygen species (ROS) toxicity caused by abiotic or biotic factors. Although recent research has revealed the involvement of the SOD gene family in plant biological processes, the understanding of the SOD gene family in peanut remains inadequate. This study comprehensively characterizes the SOD gene family in the peanut genome. A total of 25 AhSOD genes were identified and subsequently categorized into three subfamilies: sixteen AhCSDs, six AhFSDs, and three AhMSDs according to the phylogenetic tree. A comprehensive analysis revealed that the AhSOD genes underwent segmental duplications. The majority of AhSOD genes exhibited conserved exon-intron and motif structures within the same subfamily. The examination of cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of SOD genes revealed that the expression of AhSOD was subject to regulation by plant hormones, as well as responses to defense and stress. RNA-seq analysis showed expression diversity of AhSOD genes in various tissues and cold, drought, and salt stresses. Furthermore, the regulation of AhSOD gene expression is anticipated to involve numerous transcription factors. The gene ontology annotation results validate the role of AhSOD genes in various stress stimuli, SOD activity, reactive oxygen species metabolic processes, and cellular oxidant detoxification processes. This investigation serves as the initial genome-wide analysis of the AhSOD gene family, providing a basis for comprehending the function of the AhSOD gene family and enhancing plant tolerance to cold, drought, and salt stresses.