Use of Renal Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Monitoring as Indicators of Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication following cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. A prospective study for examining urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and renal near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) trends during AKI was conducted among pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. Urinary NGAL showed a significant difference between intensive care unit admission (0 h) and 2 h post-admission (p < 0.001) and remained significant up to 4 h (p < 0.05). The renal NIRS in the AKI group showed a significant rate of decrease and lower values during the intraoperative period (p < 0.05). The cumulative median saturation of renal regional saturation of oxygen (rSO(2)) during CPB was 1637.5% min in the AKI group and 943.0% min in the non-AKI group. The median renal rSO(2) scores at a reduction of 20% and 25% were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the AKI group. Our results suggest that monitoring renal rSO(2) scores and limiting their decline might be useful in preventing AKI. The combination of NGAL, renal rSO(2), and renal rSO(2) scores might be useful in the early diagnosis of AKI during pediatric cardiac surgery.