Evaluating the Impact of Individual and Combined Toxicity of Imidacloprid, Cycloxaprid, and Tebuconazole on Daphnia magna

被引:2
作者
Man, Yanli [1 ]
Sun, Tian [2 ]
Wu, Chi [1 ]
Liu, Xingang [1 ]
He, Mingyuan [2 ]
机构
[1] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Plant Protect, State Key Lab Biol Plant Dis & Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China
[2] Guangxi SPR Technol Co Ltd, Nanning 530000, Peoples R China
基金
中国国家自然科学基金;
关键词
ecotoxicity; pesticide mixture; combined toxicity; MIXTOX; risk assessment; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK-ASSESSMENT; NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; MIXTURE-TOXICITY; APIS-MELLIFERA; PESTICIDE; EXPOSURE; CHLORPYRIFOS; REPRODUCTION; MORTALITY;
D O I
10.3390/toxics11050428
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The risks posed by chemicals in the environment are typically assessed on a substance-by-substance basis, often neglecting the effects of mixtures. This may lead to an underestimation of the actual risk. In our study, we investigated the effects of three commonly used pesticides-imidacloprid (IMI), cycloxaprid (CYC), and tebuconazole (TBZ)-both individually and in combination, using various biomarkers to assess their impact on daphnia. Our findings indicated that the order of toxicity, from highest to lowest, was TBZ, IMI, and CYC, as determined by acute toxicity as well as reproduction. The effects of the ITmix (IMI and TBZ) and CTmix (CYC and TBZ) combinations on immobilization and reproduction were evaluated by MIXTOX, revealing a higher risk of immobilization at low concentrations for ITmix. The effect on reproduction differed depending on the ration of pesticides in the mixture, with synergism observed, which may be caused mainly by IMI. However, CTmix showed antagonism for acute toxicity, with the effect on reproduction depending upon the composition of the mixture. The response surface also exhibited a switch between antagonism and synergism. Additionally, the pesticides extended the body length and inhibited the development period. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) content was also significantly induced at different dosage points in both the single and combination groups, indicating changes in the metabolic capabilities of detoxifying enzymes and target site sensitivity. These findings highlight the need for more attention to be focused on the effects of pesticide mixtures.
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页数:16
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