The multifaceted role of sodium nitroprusside in plants: crosstalk with phytohormones under normal and stressful conditions

Through intricate interactions with phytohormones, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, has a variety of impacts on plant physiology. This comprehensive review sheds light on the significance of SNP's in plant biology under normal and stress conditions. SNP's history, importance in plant biology, and interactions with phytohormones must all be understood to comprehend its physiological impacts on plant growth and development. This study examines how SNP influences seed germination, root growth, flowering duration, fruit development, and resistance to biotic and abiotic challenges to improve stress tolerance and crop productivity. Based on the literature review this study explored the molecular and pharmaceutical mechanisms of SNP-phytohormone, crosstalk affects, important signaling pathways, including calcium-dependent signaling and MAPK cascades. The requirement for tailored application strategies is highlighted by the fact that different plant species and genotypes react to SNP treatment differently depending on the context. This study also discussed the consequences of environmental and agricultural sustainability, emphasizing SNP's potential to improve stress tolerance, pest control, and crop output. For sustainable, practical applications, it also underlines the necessity to handle obstacles and constraints such as concentration-dependent effects and potential environmental repercussions. Understanding the complex interactions between SNP and phytohormones provides doors for sustainable agriculture and biotechnology advancements. This comprehensive study offers encouraging possibilities for solving major issues in agriculture and environmental resilience by illuminating the molecular and physiological mechanisms.