Ex-situ catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis volatiles over thermal-decomposition products of spent lithium-ion batteries for bio-oil deoxygenation and hydrogen-rich syngas production

showed that the PyNCM exhibited high catalytic activities for the secondary decompositions of pyrolysis volatiles, resulting in 12.6% reduction on bio-oil yield and 57.5% promotion on syngas productivity. The magnetic Ni and Co compounds in PyNCM were primarily responsible for the enhanced volatile deoxygenations, and the maximum H2 yield reached 2.66 mmol g-1 biomass. Two levels of synergistic catalysis were identified: (1) the synergy among the transition metals established multiple active centers to promote the H2 selectivity; (2) the non-magnetic graphite and lithium could probably improve the dispersion and surface oxygen vacancies of nickel and cobalt to further enhance the catalytic activity. (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.