A hybrid approach of multi-cast routing and clustering in underwater sensor networks

To facilitate wireless communication, ocean exploration, and other military and scientific uses, underwater acoustic sensor networks have been developed. This network's location in a complex and demanding underwater environment increases failure rates and lowers the network's efficiency in terms of hardware and software. As a result, defining the quality of service in wireless sensor networks operating underwater is a developing study field. Supporting QoS is a difficult problem because of resource limits in underwater sensor networks, such as computing power, memory, bandwidth, and power source. The hardware architecture, elements, and structure of underwater sound sensor networks have been described in this study, along with a detailed explanation of the network levels and the difficulties that each layer faces. A summary of different QoS-aware routing methods for underwater sensor networks is also provided, along with a discussion of the QoS requirements for each layer. Finally, based on the crucial quality standards for the routing services in the underwater sensor network, each of the aforementioned protocols has been assessed and contrasted. In the conclusion, the service quality in underwater sensor network routing has been enhanced by the presentation of a routing solution based on multi-cast routing, hybrid clustering, and fuzzy logic.