When graphene meets circular agriculture: Insights into agricultural sustainable development

The graphene family of materials is of great interest due to its remarkable properties. At present, the world's agriculture is gradually transforming into a sustainable circular developmental system, opening up new production and economic models. The treatment of agricultural waste has become a key step in the development of agricultural recycling. Graphene and its derivatives are carbon-based nanomaterials composed of carbon atoms that can be converted from agricultural waste that is rich in carbonaceous cellulose. At present, more and more studies show that using agricultural waste as the precursor raw material for biomass graphene and its derivatives is the best choice for making low-cost and high-quality graphene materials. Current research aims to recycle renewable resources, foster the growth of agricultural recycling, and manufacture high-value materials, thereby boosting the commercial potential of the graphene family and the agricultural economy. This review examines the inventive development of techniques and technological routes for the fabrication of graphene and its derivatives from agricultural waste. The practical applications of graphene and its derivatives prepared on the basis of agricultural waste are presented and how they can contribute to the recycling of agriculture is discussed. The commercial development of bio-based graphene and its derivatives is also analysed and its prospects discussed. This paper provides ideas for the more effective preparation of graphene and its derivatives, and provides directions for promoting the development of agricultural recycling and the application and commercialisation of graphene and its derivatives.