Follicular fluid progesterone downregulated HPGD and COX2 in granulosa cells via suppressing NF-κB in endometriosis†

Increasing evidences showed that ovulatory dysfunction, possibly caused by luteinized unruptured follicular follicle syndrome (LUFS), is one of the reasons for endometriosis-related infertility. The present study was conducted to explore the potential effect of elevated progesterone in follicular fluid (FF) on ovulation in endometriosis. A prospective study including 50 ovarian endometriosis patients and 50 control patients with matched pairs design was conducted with alterations in FF and peritoneal fluid (PF) components identified by metabolomics analyses and differentially expressed genes in granulosa cells (GCs) identified by transcriptome analysis. Patients with endometriosis exhibited a significantly higher progesterone level in serum, FF, and PF. Granulosa cells from endometriosis patients revealed decreased expression of HPGD, COX-2, and suppressed NF-kappa B signaling. Similarly, progesterone treatment in vitro downregulated HPGD and COX2 expression and suppressed NF-kappa B signaling in granulosa tumor-like cell line KGN (Bena Culture Collection, China) and primarily cultured GCs, as manifested by decreased expressions of IL1R1, IRAK3, reduced pI kappa B alpha/I kappa B alpha ratio, and nucleus translocation of p65. On the contrary, TNF-alpha treatment increased expression of IL1R1, IRAK3, pI kappa B alpha, p65, and HPGD in GCs. One potential p65 binding site was identified in the promoter region of HPGD by chromatin immunoprecipitation. In conclusion, we found that intrafollicular progesterone might downregulate HPGD and COX-2 in GCs via suppressing the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, shedding light on the mechanism underlying the endometriosis-related ovulatory dysfunction. Endometriosis showed repression of NF-kappa B pathway and downregulation of HPGD and COX2, which may be involved in ovulation by participating in the metabolism of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in GCs due to elevated progesterone in FF.