A comprehensive review of energy efficient wireless communication and routing protocols in smart agriculture

In this review, the current applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the agriculture field classify and compare various wireless protocols such as ZigBee wireless protocol, Bluetooth (BT) wireless protocol, Wi-Fi wireless protocol, long range radio (LoRa) protocol, SigFox protocol, flat routing protocol, hierarchical routing protocol and GPRS/3G/4G/5G/6G technology employed for agricultural monitoring systems-based WSNs. Several energy efficiency and agricultural management strategies of long-term monitoring are emphasised, with an examination of the difficulties and constraints faced by WSNs in the agricultural sector. These techniques may maximise the chances for processing IoT information. Therefore, a detailed statistical analysis is provided in this review which, was conducted by extracting information published from 2018 to 2023. Additionally, the research challenges in smart agriculture applications are analysed and solutions for those challenges are provided. Finally, this survey is helpful for researchers to enhance the quantity of IoT data processing opportunities.