Health Disparities in Nontraumatic Lower Extremity Amputations. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Chronic diseases and their associated health outcomes have been known to disproportionately affect people of low socioeconomic status (SES) around the world. The authors aim to examine the association between SES and nontraumatic lower extremity amputation.Methods: A search of current literature was performed in March 2022 across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Medline for relevant literature. Keywords included "socioeconomics", "income", "amputation", and "lower extremities".Results: A total of 1,164,630 patients across 5 studies were incorporated into the meta-analysis of nontraumatic lower extremity amputation and SES. An additional 3 citations were used in the secondary analyses between gender and ethnicity and their relationship with amputation. An as-sociation was observed between low SES and nontraumatic lower extremity amputations, odds ratio (OR) =1.168, (confidence interval [CI]: 1.153, 1.183) P < 0.05. Gender and race subanalyses were also conducted, with associations found with men and non-Caucasians with amputation: OR = 1.044; [CI: 1.036, 1.053] P < 0.05; race OR = 2.893; [CI: 2.866, 2.920] P < 0.05. Conclusions: SES along with gender and race are associated with nontraumatic lower extrem-ity amputation. These findings add additional perspectives for which populations are dispropor-tionately affected by disease and subsequent health outcomes. The authors anticipate the results presented may further assist in future public health screening methods and interventions.Level of Clinical Evidence: 2.