Shear mechanical responses and cracking evolution mechanisms of flawed sandstone containing two circular holes

Shear tests on rectangular plate sandstone containing two pre-existing holes were per-formed to analyze the shear mechanical responses and cracking evolution mechanisms. With generation of the penetrating fracture surfaces, both shear stress and normal displacement show a dramatic drop. Then, during the shear slipping process, the shear stress increases once again due to wear and shear off of the surface asperities, and three different variation trends of the normal deformation including shear dilation, fluctuation, and shear contraction are respectively identified. The role of ligament length and normal stress on several key indices such as peak shear stress, peak normal displacement and residual shear stress was investigated. Violent AE (acoustic emission) responses occur along with penetration of the fracture surfaces, and in the shear slipping process, AE events continue to occur due to wear of surface asperities, while the increase rate of accumulative AE events declines. Cracks coalesced at the rock bridge and running through the rock matrix form the main failure planes of the samples. From the PFC2D simulation results, the crack clusters first initiate from hole-walls and coalesce at the rock bridge for a small ligament length, while first produce the main failure planes at the right/left rock matrix for a large ligament length. The total number of micro cracks shows a "calm-> rapid increase-> decreasing growth amplitude" variation during shearing, and the induced cracks become more concentrated for a larger normal stress, implying a cumulative damage of the failure surfaces.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).