Teeth of the hydra: the policies and practices of English language teaching in Japan

The English language can be compared to the hydra from ancient mythology as it is an unstoppable force throughout the world. Using this comparison, this study examines the history of English in Japan, English linguistic imperialism, and its impact on contemporary Japan. Five myths of English language teaching are used as a framework, referred to as the teeth of the hydra, are considered: English should be taught monolingually; The ideal teacher of English is a native speaker; The earlier English is taught, the better the results; The more English is taught, the better the results; Standards of English will decline if languages other than English are used in the classroom. Upon investigating relevant literature, it was found that although some progress being made, some myths not only endure in higher education but are actively promoted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. These enduring myths prevent Japan from improving English language standards within the country. Japan has long resisted accepting English as an official second language, considering it a threat to the Japanese language and culture. Japan could overcome its concern about the English language by creating a distinct Japanese English dialect and improving English language teaching standards.