Seismic resilience enhancement for building structures: A comprehensive review and outlook

Earthquakes, one of humanity's major natural challenges, are notoriously unpredictable and sudden, making accurate forecasting a formidable task. In response, researchers have devised a range of techniques to bolster the seismic resilience of building structures, achieving commendable progress in recent years. These seismic resilience enhancement technologies are classified based on their external energy dependency into passive, active, semi-active, and hybrid control categories. The control force in passive control technology emanates directly from the structure's response via a control device, offering simplicity, energy independence, cost-effectiveness, and ease of implementation. However, it falls short in its inability to adjust control forces, leading to limited effectiveness. On the other hand, active control technology asserts control forces proactively, with the control device acting upon signals from the control algorithm. This method boasts sophisticated theoretical underpinnings and impressive control capabilities, yet its practical application is hampered by its substantial need for real-time external energy. Semi-active control technology, bridging the gap, primarily modifies control device parameters actively, necessitating only a minimal amount of external energy, making it well-suited for real-world engineering scenarios. Hybrid control technology merges the strengths of both active and passive technologies, unlocking the potential of each. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the evolutionary strides and achievements in seismic resilience enhancement technology, highlights various technologies' typical engineering applications, and identifies critical areas for future research, thus paving the way for their broad-based implementation in engineering practices.