Applicability of ketone-gasoline blended fuels for spark ignition engine through energy-exergy analyses

A range of ketone biofuels was investigated as potential blending fuels with gasoline in a spark-ignition engine. The present study aims at investigating the applicability of ketone-based blended fuels with commercially available premium gasoline (RON 95) such as 2-butanone, 4-Methyl-2-pentanone, cyclopentanone, and cyclo-hexanone in RON95 gasoline as a potential future fuel option. The blends were formulated with the partial addition (10 %, 20 %, and 30 % by volume) of ketones in gasoline and tested with variable engine speed con-ditions (1500, 2500, and 3500 rpm) in a spark ignition (SI) engine. Energy-exergy analyses and sustainability assessments of ketone-gasoline blends are compared with gasoline. The higher brake thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency were found at 2500 rpm engine operating conditions than other engine speed conditions for tested fuels. The 10 % blended ketones fuels have comparable energy-exergy and sustainability assessment to that of commercial gasoline. However, 30 % ketone fuel with 70 % gasoline is more promising in terms of lower emissions than pure gasoline fuel. Among all the tested blends, BUB30 fuel has 21 % lower CO and NOx emissions as compared to commercial gasoline at 2500 rpm engine condition. The scientific impact of this research work is the applicability of selective ketone biofuels in SI engines for minimizing the hazardous emissions currently being emanated from these engines. The cost-effectiveness of ketone biofuels will help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels.