Dynamic Contrast-enhanced CT Lymphangiography to Quantify Thoracic Duct Lymphatic Flow

Background: CT lymphangiography has been used to image the lymphatic anatomy and assess lymphatic abnormalities. There is, however, a need to develop a method for quantification of lymphatic flow rate in the thoracic duct (TD). Purpose: To develop and validate a TD lymphatic flow measurement technique using dynamic contrast -enhanced CT lymphangiography. Materials and Methods: Lymphatic flow rate was measured with two techniques: a first -pass analysis technique based on a single compartment model and a thresholding technique distinguishing between opacified and nonopacified voxels within the TD. The measurements were validated in a swine animal model between November 2021 and September 2022. CT images were acquired at 100 kV and 200 mA using a fast -pitched helical scan mode covering the entire TD following contrast material injection into the bilateral inguinal lymph nodes. Two helical CT scans, acquired at the base and peak contrast enhancement of the TD, were used to measure lymphatic flow rate. A US flow probe surgically placed around the TD provided the reference standard measurement. CT lymphatic flow measurements were compared with the reference US flow probe measurements using regression and Bland -Altman analysis. Repeatability was determined using repeated flow measurements within approximately 10 minutes of each other. Results: Eleven swine (10 male; mean weight, 43.6 kg +/- 2.6 [SD]) were evaluated with 71 dynamic CT acquisitions. The lymphatic flow rates measured using the first -pass analysis and thresholding techniques were highly correlated with the reference US flow probe measurements (r = 0.99 and 0.91, respectively) and showed good agreement with the reference standard, with Bland -Altman analysis showing small mean differences of 0.04 and 0.05 mL/min, respectively. The first -pass analysis and thresholding techniques also showed good agreement for repeated flow measurements (r = 0.94 and 0.90, respectively), with small mean differences of 0.09 and 0.03 mL/min, respectively. Conclusion: The first -pass analysis and thresholding techniques could be used to accurately and noninvasively quantify TD lymphatic flow using dynamic contrast -enhanced CT lymphangiography.