Effect of telehealth-based versus in-person nutritional and exercise intervention on type II diabetes mellitus improvement and efficiency of human resources utilization in patients with obesity

AimsTelehealth became a patient necessity during the COVID pandemic and evolved into a patient preference in the post-COVID era. This study compared the % total body weight loss (%TBWL), HbA1c reduction, and resource utilization among patients with obesity and diabetes who participated in lifestyle interventions with or without telehealth. MethodsA total of 150 patients with obesity and diabetes who were followed every 4-6 weeks either in-person (n = 83) or via telehealth (n = 67), were included. All patients were provided with an individualized nutritional plan that included a weight-based daily protein intake from protein supplements and food, an activity/sleep schedule-based meal times, and an aerobic exercise goal of a 2000-calorie burn/week, customized to patient's preferences, physical abilities, and comorbidities. The goal was to lose 10%TBWL. Telehealth-based follow-up required transmission via texting of weekly body composition measurements and any blood glucose levels below 100 mg/dl for medication adjustments. Weight, BMI, %TBWL, HbA1c (%), and medication effect score (MES) were compared. Patient no-show rates, number of visits, program duration, and drop-out rate were used to assess resource utilization based on cumulative staff and provider time spent (CSPTS), provider lost time (PLT) and patient spent time (PST). ResultsMean age was 47.2 +/- 10.6 years and 74.6% were women. Mean Body Mass Index (BMI) decreased from 44.1 +/- 7.7-39.7 +/- 6.7 kg/m(2) (p < 0.0001). Mean program duration was 189.4 +/- 169.3 days. An HbA1c% unit decline of 1.3 +/- 1.5 was achieved with a 10.1 +/- 5.1%TBWL. Diabetes was cured in 16% (24/150) of patients. %TBWL was similar in regards to telehealth or in-person appointments (10.6% +/- 5.1 vs. 9.6% +/- 4.9, p = 0.14). Age, initial BMI, MES, %TBWL, and baseline HbA1c had a significant independent effect on HbA1c reduction (p < 0.0001). Program duration was longer for in-person follow-up (213.8 +/- 194 vs. 159.3 +/- 127, p = 0.019). The mean annual telehealth and in-person no-show rates were 2.7% and 11.2%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Mean number of visits (5.7 +/- 3.0 vs. 8.6 +/- 5.1) and drop-out rates (16.49% vs. 25.83%) were lower in telehealth group (p < 0.0001). The CSPTS (440.4 +/- 267.5 min vs. 200.6 +/- 110.8 min), PLT (28.9 +/- 17.5 min vs. 3.1 +/- 1.6 min), and PST (1033 +/- 628 min vs. 113.7 +/- 61.4 min) were significantly longer (p < 0.0001) for the in-person group. ConclusionsTelehealth offered comparable %TBWL and HbA1c decline as in-person follow-up, but with a shorter follow-up, fewer appointments, and no-shows. If improved resource utilization is validated by other studies, telehealth should become the standard of care for the management of obesity and diabetes.