Assessing the radiological hazards due to radionuclides in sediments and tailings around Kilembe copper mines, Western Uganda

Copper mining in Kilembe Valley, Western Uganda, between 1956 and 1982 resulted in multiple tailing sites, raising concerns about potential increases in the natural background radiation. In this study, the radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in 31 sediments and tailing samples from the Kilembe copper mines area were determined using HPGe-based gamma spectrometry. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in sediment samples were 38.6 +/- 8.9, 37.4 +/- 7.8, and 708.0 +/- 147.3 Bq kg-1, respectively. While in tailing samples, the mean values were 171.3 +/- 31.7, 34.8 +/- 14.9, and 792.4 +/- 208.2 Bq kg-1, respectively. These values exceeded global averages of 35, 30, and 400 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, respectively. To assess the radiological hazards due to radionuclides in sediments and tailings, several parameters such as the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin), gamma representative index (I gamma), absorbed dose rate (D), total annual effective dose (Etot), and total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCRtot) were determined. In sediments, most of these hazard parameters were above the world's average values, except Raeq, I gamma, Hex, and Hin. While in tailings, all the hazard parameters surpassed the global average values except Raeq and Hex. Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that 226Ra was the main contributor to the assessed radiological hazards. The study suggests potential radiological risks linked to natural radioactivity from sediments and mine tailings, especially when used as building materials.