Defining Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth by Culture and High Throughput Sequencing

BACKGROUND& AIMS: Despite accelerated research in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), questions remain regarding optimal diagnostic approaches and definitions. Here, we aim to define SIBO using small bowel culture and sequencing, identifying specific contributory microbes, in the context of gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS: Subjects undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (without colonoscopy) were recruited and completed symptom severity questionnaires. Duodenal aspirates were plated on MacConkey and blood agar. Aspirate DNA was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA and shotgun sequencing. Microbial network connectivity for different SIBO thresholds and predicted microbial metabolic functions were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 385 subjects with <10(3) colony forming units (CFU)/mL on MacConkey agar and 98 subjects with >= 10(3) CFU/mL, including >= 10(3) to <10(5) CFU/mL (N = 66) and >= 10(5) CFU/mL (N = 32), were identified. Duodenal microbial a -diversity progressively decreased, and relative abundance of Escherichia/Shigella and Klebsiella increased, in subjects with >= 10(3) to <10(5) CFU/ mL and >= 10(5) CFU/mL. Microbial network connectivity also progressively decreased in these subjects, driven by the increased relative abundance of Escherichia (P < .0001) and Klebsiella (P = .0018). Microbial metabolic pathways for carbohydrate fermentation, hydrogen production, and hydrogen sulfide production were enhanced in subjects with >= 10(3) CFU/mL and correlated with symptoms. Shotgun sequencing (N = 38) identified 2 main Escherichia coli strains and 2 Klebsiella species representing 40.24% of all duodenal bacteria in subjects with >= 10(3) CFU/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm >= 10(3) CFU/mL is the optimal SIBO threshold, associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, significantly decreased microbial diversity, and network disruption. Microbial hydrogen- and hydrogen sulfide-related pathways were enhanced in SIBO subjects, supporting past studies. Remarkably few specific E coli and Klebsiella strains/species appear to dominate the microbiome in SIBO, and correlate with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloating severities.